Social jet lag and (changes in) glycemic and metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Social jet lag, i.e., the discordance among social and biological rhythms, is associated with poor metabolic control. This study aimed to assess cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among social jet lag and glycemic and metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In a prospective cohort (N = 990) with type 2 diabetes, social jet lag was measured at baseline using daily diaries and was categorized (high, moderate, or low). Metabolic outcomes were assessed at baseline and at 1 and 2 years of follow-up. Associations among social jet lag and glycemic and metabolic control were analyzed using linear regression and linear mixed models adjusted for confounding factors. Analyses were stratified for work status (retired vs. working; p value for interaction = 0.007 for glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]). RESULTS: In working people, a cross-sectional association between high social jet lag and HbA1c (1.87 mmol/mol [95% CI: 0.75 to 2.99]) and blood pressure (5.81 mm Hg [95% CI: 4.04 to 7.59]) was observed. For retired people, high social jet lag was negatively associated with HbA1c (-1.58 mmol/mol [95% CI: -2.54 to -0.62]), glucose (-0.19 mmoL/L [95% CI:-0.36 to -0.01]), and blood pressure (-3.70 mm Hg [95% CI: -5.36 to -2.04]), and the association with BMI was positive (1.12 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.74 to 1.51]). Prospective associations had the same direction as cross-sectional findings but were nonsignificant for working or retired people. CONCLUSIONS: Social jet lag was cross-sectionally, but not prospectively, associated with glycemic and metabolic markers. Interaction with work status was present, and directions of the associations were generally detrimental in the working population, whereas higher social jet lag was associated with improved glycemic and metabolic control for retired people.

Associations of social jetlag and insomnia symptoms with depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents: A large population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the associations of social jetlag and insomnia symptoms with depressive symptoms among adolescents. METHODS: A total of 37,871 junior high students completed an online survey between May 24th and Jun 5th, 2022. Insomnia symptoms were assessed by three items based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. Social jetlag and depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire, respectively. Restricted cubic splines were used to explore the relationship between social jetlag and depressive symptoms. Joint effects of social jetlag and insomnia symptoms on depressive symptoms were estimated using additive interaction models. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 13.1%. Depressive symptoms were more common in adolescents with social jetlag ≥2 h (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.39-1.65) and insomnia symptoms (OR: 6.91, 95% CI: 6.41-7.44). There was a J-shaped relationship between social jetlag and depressive symptoms when we took social jetlag as a continuous variable. Moreover, a positive additive interaction of social jetlag ≥2 h and insomnia symptoms on depressive symptoms was found in female adolescents (RERI: 2.30, 95% CI: 0.11-4.49). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that social jetlag ≥2 h and insomnia are related to the occurrence of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Their coexistence additively enhances the strength of the association with depressive symptoms. Early screening and intervention for insomnia, as well as methods to reduce social jetlag, should be comprised as part of preventive strategies for depression in adolescents.

The association of chronotype and social jet lag with body composition in German students: The role of physical activity behaviour and the impact of the pandemic lockdown.

Young adults with a later chronotype are vulnerable for a discrepancy in sleep rhythm between work- and free days, called social jet lag (SJL). This study analysed (i) chronotype/SJL association with visceral fat/skeletal muscle mass, (ii) the attribution to physical activity behaviour, and (iii) chronotype-specific changes in physical activity behaviour in young adults during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown. Chronotype and SJL were derived from the Munich-Chrono-Type-Questionnaire in 320 German students (age 18-25 years) from September 2019 to January 2020, 156 of these participated in an online follow-up survey in June 2020. Body composition was assessed by bioimpedance analysis at baseline. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used to relate chronotype/SJL to body composition; the contribution of self-reported physical activity was tested by mediation analysis. At baseline, a later chronotype and a larger SJL were associated with a higher visceral fat mass (P<0.05), this relation was notably mediated by the attention to physical activity (P<0.05). Chronotype (P = 0.02) but not SJL (P = 0.87) was inversely associated with skeletal muscle mass. During the pandemic lockdown, chronotype hardly changed, but SJL was reduced. Timing and physical activity behaviour remained in most participants and changes were unrelated to chronotype (all P>0.07). A later chronotype/higher SJL may increase the risk of a higher visceral fat mass even in this relatively healthy sample, which may be partly due to their physical activity behaviour. Despite a reduction in SJL during the pandemic lockdown, later chronotypes did not change their physical activity behaviour more than earlier chronotypes.

A National Survey of U.S. Adolescent Sleep Duration, Timing, and Social Jetlag During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: To assess changes in duration, timing, and social jetlag in adolescent sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluate the impact of mood, physical activity, and social interactions on sleep. STUDY DESIGN: An online survey queried adolescents' sleep before (through retrospective report) and during the initial phase of COVID-19 in May 2020. Adolescents (N = 3,494), 13-19 years old, in the United States (U.S.) answered questions about their current and retrospective (prior to COVID-19) sleep, chronotype, mood, and physical and social activities. Linear regression models were fit for time in bed, reported bed and wake times, and social jetlag during COVID-19, accounting for pre-COVID-19 values. RESULTS: Total reported time in bed (a proxy for sleep duration) increased on weekdays by an average of 1.3 ± 1.8 hours (p < .001) during COVID-19, compared to retrospective report of time in bed prior to COVID-19. During COVID-19, 81.3% of adolescents reported spending 8 hours or more in bed on weekdays compared to only 53.5% prior to COVID-19. On weekdays, bedtimes were delayed on average by 2.5 hours and wake times by 3.8 hours during COVID-19 compared to prior to COVID-19. On weekends, bedtimes were delayed on average by 1.6 hours and waketimes by 1.5 hours (all p's < 0.001). Social jetlag of >2 hours decreased to 6.3% during COVID-19 compared to 52.1% prior to COVID-19. Anxiety and depression symptoms and a decline in physical activity during COVID-19 were associated with delayed bed and wake times during COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: During COVID-19, adolescents reported spending more time in bed, with most adolescents reporting 8 hours of sleep opportunity and more consistent sleep schedules. As schools return to in-person learning, additional research should examine how sleep schedules may change due to school start times and what lessons can be learned from changes that occurred during COVID-19 that promote favorable adolescent sleep.

Association of chronotype, social jetlag, sleep duration and depressive symptoms in Chinese college students.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of depressive symptoms among Chinese college students and examine the relationship between sleep and circadian rhythm disruption (SCRD) indicators (chronotype, social jetlag, sleep duration) and depressive symptoms. METHODS: From April to May 2019, the College Student Behavior and Health Cohort Study was conducted among Chinese college students from 2 universities in Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. The current study used data from the third follow-up study. Questionnaire content includes socio-demographic and lifestyle information. Social jetlag and sleep duration were calculated by answering the question about sleep time. Chronotype was assessed by the Morning and Evening Questionnaire (MEQ-5). Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9). A Chi-square test was used to examine the proportion depressive symptoms. Multinomial logistic regression model were used to explore the associations of circadian rhythm indicators with depressive symptoms. RESULTS: The prevalence of mild depression, moderate and above depression was 18.8 % and 6.9 %. Evening types (E-types) and short sleep duration were significantly associated with depression. Stratified analysis indicated that E-types and social jetlag≥2 h were associated with mild depression (OR = 5.67, 95 % CI: 1.83-17.51), as well as stratified analysis indicated that E-types and sleep duration<8 h were associated with mild depression (OR = 5.10, 95 % CI: 1.88-13.87). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that depressive symptoms are more severe when multiple SCRD indicators are out of whack. The intervention programs of depressive symptoms should consider the context of the multidimensional aspects of Chinese college student sleep.

The impact of sleep-corrected social jetlag on mental health, behavioral problems, and daytime sleepiness in adolescents.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the effect of sleep-corrected social jetlag (SJLsc) on mental health, behavioral problems, and daytime sleepiness in adolescents. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study which included 4787 adolescents (Mean age: 14.83±1.6y, 56.0% girls) recruited from 15 secondary schools in Hong Kong. SJLsc was defined as the absolute difference between sleep-corrected midsleep on weekdays and weekends, at which the sleep debt has been considered. It was classified into three groups: low-level ("LSJLsc", <1h), mid-level ("MSJLsc", ≥1h and <2h), and high-level of SJLsc ("HSJLsc", ≥2h). Adolescents' mental health, behavioral problems and daytime sleepiness were measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS). Logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic spline regression (RCS) analysis were applied with consideration of confounders including age, gender, puberty and sleep problems. RESULTS: Nearly half (46.9%) of adolescents had SJLsc for at least 1 h. Greater SJLsc was associated with more behavioral difficulties (MSJLsc: OR: 1.20, p = 0.03; HSJLsc: OR: 1.34, p = 0.02) when controlling for age, sex, puberty, chronotype, insomnia, and time in bed. There was a dose-response relationship in which higher SJLsc had an increased risk of conduct problems and hyperactivity, while only high-level SJLsc was associated with a peer relationship problem. In RCS analysis, SJLsc was associated with a higher likelihood of behavioral difficulties (p = 0.03) but not poor mental health or daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep-corrected social jetlag was a unique risk factor for behavioral problems in adolescents. Our findings highlighted the need for interventions to promote healthy sleep-wake patterns in school adolescents.

Gaming Behaviors and the Association with Sleep Duration, Social Jetlag, and Difficulties Falling Asleep among Norwegian Adolescents.

The relationship between gaming and sleep is mostly informed by studies of addictive gaming behavior, thus limiting our understanding of sleep in the context of nonproblematic engaged gaming. The present study investigated whether addicted, problem, and engaged gaming behavior was associated with sleep duration, social jetlag, and difficulties falling asleep. The sample consisted of 13- and 16-year-old Norwegian adolescents (n = 3228) participating in the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey in 2018. Participants were categorized into addicted, problem, engaged, and normal/non-gaming behavior groups according to which GAS-7 criteria they fulfilled. Robust generalized linear mixed models with a random intercept for class ID were used to examine the association between the sleep variables and gaming behavior. Addicted gaming behavior was unfavorably associated with all sleep parameters. The findings for engaged gaming and problem gaming behavior were somewhat mixed. Engaged gamers slept less on weekends, less on weekdays for those aged 16, and experienced greater social jetlag compared to the normal/non-gaming group. Problem gamers experienced greater social jetlag and had higher odds of experiencing difficulties falling asleep. Overall, the results suggest that all types of gaming behaviors might harm sleep health, but to a greater extent for the addicted gamers.

Social jetlag and sleep debts are altered in different rosters of night shift work.

BACKGROUND: Night and shift work are suspected to cause various adverse effects on health and sleep. Sleep deprivation through shift work is assumed to be compensated on free days. So far it is not clear how different shift systems and shift lengths affect sleep structure on work and free days. Especially working night shifts disrupts the circadian rhythm but also extended working hours (12h) might affect sleep characteristics. Hitherto, the magnitude of sleep debt, social jetlag, and Locomotor Inactivity During Sleep (LIDS) in different shift systems is unknown. METHODS: Here, we investigated the impact of five different shift rosters on sleep in 129 industrial workers from Germany. Permanent night work with multiple shift systems with and without night shifts and with different shift lengths were compared. Wrist-activity was monitored over 28 days revealing sleep on- and offsets as well as LIDS as proxy for sleep quality. Overall, 3,865 sleep bouts comprising 22,310 hours of sleep were examined. RESULTS: The mean daily age-adjusted sleep duration (including naps) was 6:43h and did not differ between shift workers of different rosters. However, sleep duration on workdays was particularly low in rotational shift systems with 12h-shifts (5:00h), while overall sleep debt was highest. Shift workers showed a median absolute social jetlag of 3:03h, which differed considerably between shift types and rosters (p<0.0001). Permanent night workers had the highest social jetlag (5:08h) and latest mid-sleeps on workdays and free days. Sleep quality was reduced in permanent night shift workers compared with shift workers in other rosters and differed between daytime and nighttime sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Shift work leads to partial sleep deprivation, which particularly affects workers in 12h-shifts and permanent night shifts. Working these shifts resulted in higher sleep debts and larger absolute social jetlag whereas sleep quality was especially reduced in permanent night shift workers compared with shift workers of other rosters.

Travel-Related Behaviors and Health Outcomes of Adolescents Compared with Adults on Short-Term International Service Missions.

With an increasing number of adolescents participating in international travel, little is known about travel-related behaviors and health risks in this age group. In the years 2015-2016, we conducted an anonymous, posttravel, questionnaire-based survey with the aim to compare self-reported practices and travel-related symptoms between adolescents (< 18 years old, N = 87) and adults (≥ 18 years old, N = 149) who came to our travel clinic before their humanitarian missions. They had the same pretravel health education, and traveled together to perform similar activities. In univariate analysis, compared with adults, we found that adolescents reported less prior international travel (P < 0.001), more often wore long-sleeved clothing for malaria prevention (P < 0.001) but less often for sun protection (P = 0.009), more often used insect repellents (P = 0.011), and less often had diarrhea (P = 0.024). All other practices and health outcomes were similar between the groups. Multivariate analyses using Bayesian network show strong associations between adults and prior travel experience, and not wearing long-sleeve clothing for malaria prevention. We also found strong associations between prior international travel and sustaining an injury, and having jet lag, as well as between taking malaria prophylaxis and not having diarrhea. Overall, most practices and health outcomes were similar between age groups. Adolescent age and lack of prior international travel experience did not have significant impacts on practices and health outcomes. Our findings highlight the need for more effective strategies to improve the behaviors and health outcomes in both adolescents and adults.

Association of sleep duration on workdays or free days and social jetlag with job stress.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of sleep problems on job stress in office workers. METHODS: This study included 4645 office workers from 29 companies who completed the study questionnaires between April 2017 and April 2019 in Japan. Sleep duration was assessed based on the participants' subjective sleep schedule on workdays and free days. The midpoint of sleep on free days (sleep-corrected) and social jetlag were calculated in accordance with the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. To assess job stress, we used the 57-item Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the following factors were significantly associated with high job stress in office workers: a sleep duration <6 h on workdays (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.46-2.15, P < 0.001), a sleep duration <6 h on free days (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.05-1.87, P = 0.022), a sleep duration of at least 8 h on free days (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.06-1.60, P = 0.011), and more than 2 h of social jetlag (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.04-1.70, P = 0.022). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that insufficient sleep, long sleep durations on free days, and social jetlag may be associated with high job stress in office workers.

COVID-19-related mobility reduction: heterogenous effects on sleep and physical activity rhythms.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Mobility restrictions imposed to suppress transmission of COVID-19 can alter physical activity (PA) and sleep patterns that are important for health and well-being. Characterization of response heterogeneity and their underlying associations may assist in stratifying the health impact of the pandemic. METHODS: We obtained wearable data covering baseline, incremental mobility restriction, and lockdown periods from 1,824 city-dwelling, working adults aged 21-40 years, incorporating 206,381 nights of sleep and 334,038 days of PA. Distinct rest-activity rhythm (RAR) profiles were identified using k-means clustering, indicating participants' temporal distribution of step counts over the day. Hierarchical clustering of the proportion of days spent in each of these RAR profiles revealed four groups who expressed different mixtures of RAR profiles before and during the lockdown. RESULTS: Time in bed increased by 20 min during the lockdown without loss of sleep efficiency, while social jetlag measures decreased by 15 min. Resting heart rate declined by ~2 bpm. PA dropped an average of 42%. Four groups with different compositions of RAR profiles were found. Three were better able to maintain PA and weekday/weekend differentiation during lockdown. The least active group comprising ~51% of the sample, were younger and predominantly singles. Habitually less active already, this group showed the greatest reduction in PA during lockdown with little weekday/weekend differences. CONCLUSION: In the early aftermath of COVID-19 mobility restriction, PA appears to be more severely affected than sleep. RAR evaluation uncovered heterogeneity of responses to lockdown that could associate with different outcomes should the resolution of COVID-19 be protracted.

Accelerometry-assessed sleep duration and timing in late childhood and adolescence in Scottish schoolchildren: A feasibility study.

Children and adolescents commonly suffer from sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances, which may contribute to poorer mental health and wellbeing during this critical developmental phase. Many studies however rely on self-reported sleep measures. This study assessed whether accelerometry data collection was feasible within the school setting as a method for investigating the extent of sleep and circadian disruption, and associations with subjective wellbeing, in Scotland. Fourteen days of wrist-worn accelerometry data were collected from 69 pupils, aged 10-14 years. Objective measures of sleep timing, sleep duration and circadian rest-activity patterns were derived. Questionnaires assessed subjective sleep timing, depressive symptoms, and experiences of wearing the accelerometer. Pupils slept on average less than 8 hours per night, failing to meet standard age-specific recommendations. Sleep timing was later and duration longer on weekends compared to weekdays (B = 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70, 1.04; B = 0.49, 95% CI 0.29, 0.69), indicating social jetlag. Lower daytime activity was correlated with higher depressive symptoms (r = -0.84, p = 0.008). Compared to primary school pupils, secondary pupils had shorter sleep window duration and lower circadian relative amplitude. Over half of participants reported some discomfort/inconvenience wearing the accelerometer. These data highlight that inadequate sleep is prevalent in this sample of schoolchildren. Future, larger scale investigations will examine in more detail the associations between sleep, circadian function and physical activity with mental health and wellbeing.

Chronotype is associated with psychological well-being depending on the composition of the study sample.

Past studies examining the effect of chronotype and social jetlag on psychological well-being have been inconsistent so far. Here, we recruited participants from the general population and enquired about their natural sleeping behavior, sleep quality, depressive symptoms, and perceived stress. Partial correlations were computed between sleep variables and indicators of psychological well-being, controlling for age and sex. Less sleep during work days was found a good indicator for impairments in psychological well-being. In exploratory follow-up analyses, the same correlations were calculated within groups of early, intermediate, and late chronotype. We observed that the composition of the sample in terms of chronotype influenced whether associations between sleep variables and psychological well-being could be observed, a finding that is advised to be taken into account in future studies.

Eating Jet Lag: A Marker of the Variability in Meal Timing and Its Association with Body Mass Index.

The timing of food intake has been associated with obesity and adverse metabolic outcomes, independently of the amount or content of food intake and activity level. However, the impact of the variability in the timing of food intake between weekends and weekdays on BMI (body mass index) remains unexplored. To address that, we propose to study a marker of the variability of meal timing on weekends versus weekdays (denominated as 'eating jet lag') that could be associated with increments in BMI. This cross-sectional study included 1106 subjects (aged 18-25 years). Linear regression models were used to examine the associations of eating jet lag with BMI and circadian related variables (including chronotype, eating duration, sleep duration, and social jet lag). Subsequently, a hierarchical multivariate regression analysis was conducted to determine whether the association of eating jet lag with BMI was independent of potentially confounding variables (e.g., chronotype and social jet lag). Moreover, restricted cubic splines were calculated to study the shape of the association between eating jet lag and BMI. Our results revealed a positive association between eating jet lag and BMI (p = 0.008), which was independent of the chronotype and social jet lag. Further analysis revealed the threshold of eating jet lag was of 3.5 h or more, from which the BMI could significantly increase. These results provided evidence of the suitability of the eating jet lag, as a marker of the variability in meal timing between weekends and weekdays, for the study of the influence of meal timing on obesity. In a long run, the reduction of the variability between meal timing on weekends versus weekdays could be included as part of food timing guidelines for the prevention of obesity among general population.

Efectos físicos y emocionales tras la realización de trabajo nocturno continuado en médicos internos residentes / Emotional and phisical effects after continued night shift by internal medical resident

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los Médicos Internos Residentes (MIR) realizan guardias de 17 horas en los hospitales españoles. Dicho trabajo nocturno provoca una alteración del ritmo circadiano que puede desencadenar disfunciones en el estado físico y emocional. OBJETIVOS: Conocer el grado de afectación física y emocional que generan las guardias en los MIR y los factores que afectan dicha relación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Los participantes aleatorizados de un hospital terciario, cumplimentan un cuestionario, antes y después de la realización de la guardia, con variables sociodemográficas y test validados en su versión española: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory y la subescala de apoyo jerárquico de KARASEK. RESULTADOS: Se realiza análisis estadístico de n=150 residentes. De los residentes que conducen tras la guardia, un 17,98% sufrieron un accidente in itinere. La sensación de bienestar se vio reducida tras la guardia de forma estadísticamente significativa, al contrario que la de malestar (p < 0,05). Y el mayor grado de fatiga tras la guardia se centra en la somnolencia y en menor grado la falta de motivación. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio supone una estimación validada de los efectos del trabajo nocturno continuado de los MIR. Los resultados obtenidos podrían sugerir replantearse la organización del trabajo debido a los efectos negativos para el bienestar de los médicos del futuro

INTRODUCTION: Medical Internal Residents perform 17-hour shifts at Spanish hospitals. Such night work causes an alteration of the circadian rhythm that can trigger disturbances in the physical and emotional state. OBJECTIVES: To know the degree of physical and emotional affectation that the night shifts generate in Medical Residents and the factors that affect this relationship. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Before and after their 17-hour shift, the randomized participants from a tertiary referral hospital complete a questionnaire with socio-demographic variables and tests validated in their Spanish version: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory and the subscale of hierarchical support of KARASEK. RESULTS: Statistical analysis of n = 150 residents of a hospital was carried out. Among the residents who drive after the 17-hour shift, 17.98% suffered a commuting accident. The pleasant experiences were reduced after shifts in a statistically significant difference (p <0.05), compared to the discomforting ones. The highest degree of fatigue after shifts is focused on drowsiness, and to a lesser degree, on a lack of motivation. CONCLUSIONS: This study supposes a validated estimate of the effects of the continuous work shift of Medical Residents. The results obtained could suggest reconsidering the organization of work given the negative effects for the well-being of future physicians

Using big data to explore worldwide trends in objective sleep in the transition to adulthood.

BACKGROUND: Development induces changes in sleep, and its duration has been reported to change as a function of aging. Additionally, sleep timing is a marker of pubertal maturation, where during adolescence, the circadian rhythm shifts later. Typically, this is manifested in a later sleep onset in the evening and later awakening in the morning. These changes across development seem to be universal around the world but are unlikely to persist into adulthood. METHODS: This study utilized accelerometer data from 17,355 participants aged 16-30 years (56% female) measured by validated Polar wearables over a 14-day period. We compared sleep duration, chronotype (sleep midpoint) and weekend catch-up (ie, social jetlag) sleep across ages and regions over 242,948 nights. RESULTS: The data indicate a decline in sleep duration as well as a dramatic shift in sleep onset times throughout adolescence. This continues well into early adulthood and stabilizes nearer age 30. Differences in sleep duration across ages were significant, and ranged from 7:53 h at age 16 to 7:29 h at age 30 in the sample. Additionally, there was a clear difference between females and males throughout adolescence and young adulthood: girls had longer sleep duration and earlier timed sleep in the current study. Differences in sleep were found between regions across the world, and across European areas. CONCLUSIONS: Both sleep duration and sleep timing go through a clear developmental pattern, particularly in early adulthood. Females had an earlier sleep midpoint and obtained more sleep. Regional differences in sleep occurred across the world.

Association of Self-Reported Sleep and Circadian Measures With Glycemia in Adults With Prediabetes or Recently Diagnosed Untreated Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Sleep disturbances and circadian misalignment (social jet lag, late chronotype, or shift work) have been associated with worse glycemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Whether these findings apply to adults with prediabetes is yet unexplored. We hypothesized that self-reported short sleep, poor sleep quality, and/or circadian misalignment are associated with higher glycemia, BMI, and blood pressure (BP) in adults with prediabetes or recently diagnosed, untreated T2D. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Our cohort included 962 overweight/obese adults ages 20-65 years with prediabetes or recently diagnosed, untreated T2D who completed a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test and validated sleep questionnaires. Independent associations of sleep and circadian variables with glycemia, BMI, and BP were evaluated with regression models. RESULTS: The multiethnic cohort was 55% men, with mean ± SD age 52.2 ± 9.5 years and BMI 34.7 ± 5.5 kg/m2. Mean sleep duration was 6.6 ± 1.3 h. Poor sleep quality was reported by 54% and high risk for obstructive sleep apnea by 64%. HbA1c was significantly higher in those reporting <5 or >8 h sleep per night. Sleep duration >8 h was also associated with higher fasting glucose and <6 h with higher BMI. Shift work was also associated with higher BMI. Social jet lag and delayed chronotype were associated with higher BP. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, self-reported short and long sleep were both associated with adverse measures of glycemia, and short sleep and shift work were associated with higher BMI. Further research using objective measures of sleep is needed to better delineate the relationship between sleep and glycemia in adults with prediabetes or T2D.

Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders.

The rapid evolution into a 24 h society challenges individuals' ability to conciliate work schedules and biological needs. Epidemiological research suggests that social and biological time are increasingly drifting apart ("social jetlag"). This study uses a spatial regression discontinuity design to estimate the economic cost of the misalignment between social and biological rhythms arising at the border of a time-zone in the presence of relatively rigid social schedules (e.g., work and school schedules). Exploiting the discontinuity in the timing of natural light at a time-zone boundary, we find that an extra hour of natural light in the evening reduces sleep duration by an average of 19 minutes and increases the likelihood of reporting insufficient sleep. Using data drawn from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Census, we find that the discontinuity in the timing of natural light has significant effects on health outcomes typically associated with circadian rhythms disruptions (e.g., obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and breast cancer) and economic performance (per capita income). We provide a lower bound estimate of the health care costs and productivity losses associated with these effects.

[Diagnosis and comorbidities of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders]. / Diagnostic et comorbidités des troubles du rythme veille-sommeil.

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) result from a disturbed endogenous clock (intrinsic CRSD) or from a misalignment between the biological clock and an imposed environment (extrinsic CRSD). Among intrinsic CRSD, one distinguishes the delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, the advanced sleep-wake phase disorder, the irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder and the non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder. Shift work disorder, jet lag disorder and circadian sleep-wake disorder not otherwise specified are extrinsic CRSD. Prevalences of the different CRSD remain largely unknown. Some CRSD are particularly frequent such as sleep delayed phase syndrome in adolescents. Overall, CRSD are probably under-diagnosed. CRSD generate insomnia and excessive daytime somnolence. A biological clock dysfunction has to be evoked in case of insomnia or sleepiness. Furthermore, as CRSD can overlap with other sleep disorders, their diagnosis and treatment are essential. CRSD cause significant mental, physical or socio-professional sufferings. They are frequently associated with comorbidities, mainly neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Regarding neurodevelopmental comorbidities, therapy using a chronobiological approach is complementary to the usual clinical care. It helps to limit the significant impact of CRSD on quality of live, daytime functioning, social interactions and neurocognitive difficulties in the children. In psychiatry, sleep disorders and circadian rhythms sleep-wake disorders are a factor of vulnerability, of suicidal risk, of relapse and pharmacoresistance. Thus, diagnosis of CRSD associated with a psychiatric disorder is of major importance. Treatment using a chronobiological approach reinforcing the entrainment of the sleep-wake cycle is complementary to usual treatments. Sleep disorders and circadian sleep-wake rhythm disorders can be a preclinical sign of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In the elderly, a beginning neurodegenerative disorder can be associated with a CRSD and complaints of sleepiness, nocturnal awakenings and/or irregular sleep-wake cycles. Patients affected by neurogenerative disorders are particularly vulnerable for having CRSD. Data from different studies suggest that CRSD participate in pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Even though treatment of CRSD associated with neurodegenerative disorders is entirely part of the treatment strategy, it remains uncertain to which extend this treatment may impact disease progression.

Sociodemographic and behavioural correlates of social jetlag in Australian adults: results from the 2016 National Sleep Health Foundation Study.

Social jetlag is a term used to describe misalignment between biological and social time. Measured as the difference in sleep midpoints between work and free days, social jetlag has been associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviours and adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of social jetlag, and its sociodemographic and behavioural correlates in 837 respondents who completed the Sleep Health Foundation Australia 2016 online survey. Binomial logistic regression models determined associations between social jetlag and self-reported lifestyle and work outcomes, excluding night, evening or rotating shift workers. One third (31.1%) of respondents experienced >1h of social jetlag. In analyses adjusted for sociodemographic variables associated with social jetlag (age, marital status, work status and metropolitan living plus the significant interaction term for age by metro living), social jetlag was associated with longer sleep duration on free days (OR = 2.8, CI = 1.9-4.1), evening preference (OR = 2.0, CI = 1.4-2.4), often staying up later than planned on work days (OR 1.9, CI = 1.3-2.9), and having a computer (OR = 1.7, CI = 1.2-2.4) or phone (OR = 1.6, CI = 1.1-2.4) in the bedroom and internet use in the hour before bed (OR = 1.7, CI 1.2-2.5). Almost twice as many working respondents with social jetlag reported going to work when they should have taken sick leave due to their state of health (OR = 1.9, CI = 1.3-3.0). In conclusion, social jetlag is prevalent in the Australian community and associated with bedtime technology use. Work attendance when in poor health is cause for concern in Australian day workers and requires further investigation.